Who Would Win In A Fight?

Can a girl defeat a boy in fight

So yes, a woman/girl can beat a boy/man with the right techniques and training. This type of fight would be a street fight self defense situation as no governing/sanctioning body would ever sign off on such a miss matched fight. Yes and yes. But pure strength isn’t the only deciding factor in a fight.

Can you hit a girl if she hits you first?

It is always acceptable to use proportionate force in defense of yourself or another, regardless if you are being assaulted by a man or a woman or a space alien or anyone else. If you are being assaulted and perceive a threat to your safety, yes, it is okay to defend yourself.

Is it OK for boys to fight?

Your toddler jumps on you or their sibling wanting to wrestle. Maybe you’re annoyed. Maybe you think it’s hilarious. Maybe you just don’t know what to think. Parents often wonder if this childhood desire to play fight is normal, safe, and appropriate for their child’s age — or for society’s expectations.

Play fighting has been a much-debated issue over the years because it can look rougher than it really is and can cause some adults to feel uncomfortable. Will letting your toddlers roughhouse a bit cause them to hate each other when they are older? Will they get physically injured? Or are they performing a sort of bonding? All excellent questions, and ones we’ll address below.

Parents often call it play fighting, while researchers also call it “rough and tumble play” (RTP). Regardless of the name, it’s a common form of play that can be between two children, or a parent and a child, but has often been associated with a father and son.

University of Arkansas experts define rough and tumble play as “wrestling, tickling, chasing, and being bounced, swung, or lifted.” In addition, they say it refers to “the vigorous types of behaviors, including some that may look like fighting, that occur in the context of play.” They explain that it often looks aggressive and like misbehavior, so sometimes adults discourage it.

However, it is an important aspect of healthy child development, and shouldn’t be so quickly dismissed. In true play fighting the participants are willingly participating for their own enjoyment, and there isn’t an intention to harm. The founder of the National Institute for Play, Dr.

• Stuart Brown, suggests that the rough-and-tumble play of children actually prevents violent behavior, and that play can grow human talents and character across a lifetime.
• This type of play typically begins around preschool age and continues into early adolescence.
• Boys, girls, moms, and dads can be a part of it, though traditionally dads have taken more of an active role than mothers in this aspect of child-rearing.

Play fighting is a phenomenon that naturally occurs in all cultures, and is often quite enjoyable for most kids. It may surprise parents who are watching their spouses and children roll around the floor wrestling, to know that they are actually building their brains and emotional well-being,

It’s also quite common, especially in young boys. Dr. Eileen Kennedy-Moore writes in Psychology Today that 60 percent of elementary boys say they have play fought, but it only accounts for about 1/10 of the time they spent playing overall. She says these types of peer-to-peer play fights typically occur with a whole group of kids rather than just two kids (which is more typical of a “real” fight).

“The appeal of rough play is the physical challenge of testing their strength and the exciting idea of being powerful,” Kennedy-Moore says. ” often involves pretending to be superheroes or good guys and bad guys.” It’s a normal, developmental stage for many children.

While there are some kids who aren’t interested in this kind of play, those who do engage are not necessarily any more aggressive or a cause for concern. Many children simply respond to the physicality and role playing involved in play fighting. So the next time your pretend Hulk is launching himself off of the couch onto his brother, know you aren’t alone.

It sure doesn’t look like it sometimes. But it’s true: This kind of play exercises the body and develops social skills. Changing roles lead to problem-solving and self-correcting in order to remain in the activity, an essential life skill, Learning to react and change based on reactions of others will serve children in the classroom and the boardroom.

In addition, children “learn to show care and concern when a playmate falls and to express their thoughts to others in a game,” scientists explain. While it looks like ER-potential risk sometimes, safe play fighting can actually be extremely beneficial to your child’s development, and also to the parent/child bond.

One benefit is bonding with the father in particular. Research shows that “fathers appear to socialize their children especially through physical play,” helping them to better understand the social landscape. Interactions with fathers can help kids learn both self-control and sensitivity to others.

1. These interactions also elicit high levels of positive feelings for both child and adult.
2. Another benefit is that it’s a safe environment in which young children can test the limits of aggression and dominance in a socially acceptable way to learn what’s okay and what isn’t.
3. Since each person is typically competing to show a “dominant position” over the other, research says, it can impact the father/son relationship.

For example, this kind of play is a loving but very clear way of showing kids who is running the show. They demonstrate playful but aggressive behaviors but learn that they’re not the most powerful force in the game. This helps them develop self-regulation of these behaviors as well as the social boundaries of where they fit into the world.

• So the next time you are tempted to yell “Aww, let him win!” think twice.
• The father dominating physically, within reason, matters.
• Self-handicapping” to some extent is important too, so that the child feels they have a chance, and they can succeed.
• Just not every time.
• It’s important to recognize, for both teachers and parents, what real fighting looks like versus play fighting.

We’ve all seen a play fight get a little too physical, which can sometimes happen quickly and pose a danger to children. For this reason, often preschool and primary teachers can’t allow any type of play fighting, even though the National Association for the Education of Young Children now recognizes play fighting as an acceptable behavior.

Kennedy-Moore says that “adults, especially women who aren’t personally familiar with rough play, often try to stop roughhousing because they don’t want anyone to get hurt.” She goes on to explain that research shows it really only goes on to “real” fighting 1 percent of the time, which is quite a low-risk activity.

Research notes that rough and tumble play could be allowed in moderation with monitoring for the child’s safety. Scientists also give clear guidelines on what constitutes rough play versus aggression. In play fighting scenarios:

Children smile and laugh, rather than frown, stare, cry, or get red in the face.Children are willing and eager to join the play, rather than one child dominating all the others.Stronger or older participants may let the younger ones win, and children will keep coming back for more, rather than separating after each round.Contact is relatively gentle and playful instead of hard and harsh.Children alternate roles as opposed to a real fight where roles really don’t change much.Lots of children can participate in play fighting versus just two in a real fight.There are typically no spectators, versus a real fight that draws crowds.

A parent who is trying to play fight with their kid to build long-term skills and to bond should consider conveying several messages to their child, either verbally or nonverbally to set expectations. Let them know you’re having just as much fun as they are, but also let them know that — while they’re free to test them — you’re the final say on the limits and the rules.

• These vibes and discussions help to set the tone for positive play fighting experiences.
• The next time your kids launch into a wrestling match on the ground, looking like Simba and Nala wrestling around like young lion cubs, consider the benefits of roughhousing and play fighting.
• The benefits of young children and their peers or parents engaging in some rough but safe play has a variety of benefits, from bonding to aggression management.

With proper precautions, such as a safe place to play, and both parties being aware and willing to stop if it starts to go too far, it can be extremely fun for your child. Knowing the signs of casual play fighting versus a real fight between peers will help to keep things safe and enjoyable.

Which gender is smartest

Sex differences in human intelligence have long been a topic of debate among researchers and scholars. It is now recognized that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though particular subtypes of intelligence vary somewhat between sexes.

While some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show slightly greater intelligence in females. In particular, studies have shown female subjects performing better on tasks related to verbal ability, and males performing better on tasks related to rotation of objects in space, often categorized as spatial ability,

Some research indicates that male advantages on some cognitive tests are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. It has also been hypothesized that there is slightly higher variability in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, leading to males’ being over-represented at the top and bottom extremes of the distribution, though the evidence for this hypothesis is inconclusive.

Do females have stronger legs

Females have 37-68% of muscle strength of males in general. The difference on muscle strength between females and males is more on upper body, and less on lower body. Females are relatively stronger on their legs than arms and shoulders.

Who is faster girls or boys?

Alterations in growth rate – At puberty, a considerable alteration in growth rate occurs. There is a swift increase in body size, a change in shape and composition of the body, and a rapid development of the gonads, or sex glands—the reproductive organs and the characters signalling sexual maturity.

• Some of these changes are common to both sexes, but most are sex-specific.
• Boys have a great increase in muscle size and strength, together with a series of physiological changes making them capable of doing heavier physical work than girls and of running faster and longer.
• These changes all specifically adapt the male to his primitive primate role of dominating, fighting, and foraging.

Such adolescent changes occur generally in primates (that is, men, apes, and monkeys) but are more marked in some species than in others. Man lies at about the middle of the primate range, as regards both adolescent size increase and degree of sexual differentiation,

Can you hit a girl if she spits on you?

100 percent you will end up in handcuffs for hitting her regardless. If someone saw her spit on you then she will most likely get in trouble for assault (yes, spitting on someone is assault) and maybe get arrested as well. In many states law enforcement will arrest both parties in many assault.

Is it OK to get hit by girlfriend

Q: Sometimes when we fight, my girlfriend hits me. It doesn’t hurt, but I don’t like when she gets this mad. I try to ignore it because I’m not going to hit her back or anything. I’m just not sure if this is normal for a girl to do. This is my first girlfriend, so I’m not sure.

I know it’s wrong for guys to hit, but what about girls? – A Boyfriend Hey, Boyfriend, I’m glad you asked this question because I don’t think you’re alone in wondering this, especially since it’s your first girlfriend and I’m guessing you’re new to dating. There’s a common misconception that domestic violence and abuse only involves male partners as abusers and females as victims.

But that’s not accurate at all. Men can find themselves trapped with an abusive partner as well, either male or female. (See ” Men Can Be Abused, Too ” for statistics on male victims.) So, no, it’s not “normal” for your girlfriend to hit you. Women can be abusive—physically, verbally, psychologically, financially, sexually—all of the ways.

1. If your partner is doing something that makes you feel unsafe, controlled, in danger or that hurts your body, this is not OK, no matter what.
2. You deserve to feel safe in a relationship no matter your gender or your partner’s gender.
3. It’s obviously the best choice not to use violence in return.
4. You do need to be able to protect yourself but self-defense is different from abuse.

(Read more about that in ” Defending Yourself 101. ” ) A better option is to first make sure you’re talking to your girlfriend about how her actions are affecting you. This starts by establishing boundaries, You can set physical boundaries by stating clearly, “You can’t hit me when you get angry.” If she doesn’t respect this boundary, this is a sign of an unhealthy relationship,

Do you feel like you’re being controlled by your girlfriend?Does she put you down, shame or embarrass you?Does she ignore you?Does she treat you as inferior?Does she accuse you of cheating or is possessively jealous?Does she threaten to hurt you, your friends, family or pets?Does she force you to do things you’re not comfortable with?Does she try to forbid you from seeing your friends or family, or having a job?Does she try to control your money or demand money from you?Does she deny verbal or physical altercations happened after they’re over? (This is called gaslighting,)Does she avoid taking responsibility for her actions, or deny doing anything wrong?After a fight, do things go back to normal? Does she go overboard with apologies or acts of kindness?Has she ever used a weapon against you, or threatened you with a weapon?

If you answered yes to any of these, Anonymous, you may be dating someone who is abusive. These are all tactics abusive partners use to have power and control over others and none of them are OK. It may help you to reach out to a domestic violence advocate near you.

Consider calling your local shelter’s hotline to talk to someone—anyone can call and you don’t need to be seeking shelter or even be ready to leave just to talk to someone about what you’re going through. I know it might be hard to come to terms with the fact that you’re being abused. This is why many men have a hard time disclosing abuse —there’s a stereotype out there that men shouldn’t be victims because they’re often times bigger or stronger than women.

But this simply isn’t true. Men can be victims and it’s not their fault. It may help you to read some of our stories from male survivors of abuse, “Men struggle being seen as a victim because they’re concerned about fitting into that manliness box, or being perceived as weak,” says Becky Lee, executive director of Becky’s Fund and Men of CODE,

It’s not uncommon to hear men say something like, ‘I can’t be a victim because I’m a guy.'” Lee, who’s worked with male victims of abuse, says there are harmful repercussions when we don’t talk about how toxic masculinity supports this stereotype of men being too tough to be victims. “It can lead to mental health issues when we teach that boys don’t cry, or boys don’t ask for help,” she says.

“Take gender out of it completely—it’s never OK for someone to be hitting you.”

How many times can a girl hit you?

If A Woman Hits A Man 3 Times Law – If a woman hits a man 3 times, the law says that he can hit her back. If a woman hits a man 3 times and he hits her back, it’s usually considered self-defense. We say “usually considered” because there are things to consider.

should use only enough force to “remove the threat”have to use force when the threat is imminentcannot hit the woman back later after the threat is gone

Are boys more rough than girls

The role of mothers and fathers – Although boys are quite good at reading intent when engaging in playful aggression, in the end they are still young children and as such will make errors in judgement. In this sense, adults can, when the opportunity arises, act as coaches in playful aggression.

Intuitively many dads do this with their children every day. Generally speaking, dads are less involved than mothers in most aspects of rearing young children with the exception of physical play. This is not to say that dads don’t contribute, but they tend to do so in different ways than mums. In terms of play, dads are typically more physical, unpredictable and vigorous and engage in what is more commonly referred to as rough and tumble play.

A boy’s pleasure in rough and tumble play with dad is often more intense than it is with mum given that dads tend to be more physical while mums are likely to be more cautious when it comes to this type of physical activity.2 For example, dads will often toss children into the air or sneak up and grab them and with experience and practise dads learn how to stimulate and challenge their children during rough and tumble play without frustrating them.

Rough and tumble play with dad helps children, but especially boys, learn to regulate their behaviour and emotions while also enhancing cognitive and language development. It is important to note, however, that boys also benefit from playing with mum, they just do so in different ways. And finally, it is worth noting that girls may enjoy and benefit from playfully aggressive activities but there are differences in how boys and girls are playfully aggressive.

Boys tend to engage in playful aggression more frequently and with higher energy levels than girls. As alluded to earlier, playful aggression for boys is more hierarchical, active, intense and by association competitive and aggressive. Therein lies an important key for adults to always remember, boys are genuinely more aggressive than girls and this shows up in their playful behaviours.

So, when you see boys jumping on one another, using sticks to shoot each other or wearing towels as capes to save the world which may mean fighting any villains at hand, they are doing something that is perfectly natural, developmentally desirable and should not be seen as toxic or a concern for the future.

On the contrary, playful aggression helps to build fine young men and as such should be viewed in that light!

Who fights more boys or girls?

4. DISCUSSION – Previous research shows that adolescent males are more likely to engage in physical fights than females (Archer, 2004 ). However, few studies have examined cross‐cultural variation in sex differences, particularly among low‐ and middle‐income countries.

1. The current study examined the prevalence and variation in sex differences in frequent fighting between equal partners in 63 low‐ and middle‐income countries.
2. Specifically, we tested competing hypotheses derived from social role and sexual selection theories using indicators of gender inequality, rule of law, and income inequality.

The results show that sex differences in physical aggression vary significantly across countries. Further, we found little evidence to support predictions derived from sexual selection or social role theories in relation to cross‐cultural variation, and indeed our results showed that sex differences actually decrease as gender inequality increases.

This study advances our knowledge of adolescent aggression in several ways. To our knowledge, this is the largest study looking at cross‐national variation in adolescent physical aggression in LMICs. Our results show that there is significant variation in the prevalence of frequent fighting across countries, ranging from 2% (Myanmar) to 29% (Samoa).

Furthermore, in line with previous research, adolescent males are significantly more likely to engage in frequent fighting than females, with few exceptions (e.g., Archer, 2004 ; Bettencourt & Miller, 1996 ). For the full sample of 63 countries, males were 2.68 times more likely to report frequent fighting in the past 12 months than females.

1. But when we looked at female involvement in frequent fighting, we found this varied substantially across societies, perhaps more than evolutionary perspectives would expect (ranging from 0.07% to 25% ).
2. The cross‐national variation in frequent fighting was also greater among females than males (20.23% and 11.92%, respectively).

Furthermore male and female frequent fighting covary ( r  = 0.69), suggesting that some forces that drive physical aggression are not sex‐specific. This study also finds that contrary to expectations derived from social role theory, sex differences in physical aggression decreased as societal gender inequality increased.

1. Several explanations may account for the finding that sex differences were reduced in countries with high levels of gender inequality.
2. First, there may be a confounding factor in which societies with very high levels of gender inequality typically have institutional arrangements that strictly limit male adolescent competition for females through separate schooling, an emphasis on segregated routine activities, and severe stigma associated with pre‐marital sex (United Nations Development Programme, 2016 ; Wiseman, 2008 ).

This segregation of adolescent male and female life spheres may limit the kinds of male formidability competitions that are likely one of the motivational roots of fighting among adolescent males. Second, evolutionary perspectives may also provide an explanation for higher levels of female physical aggression in high gender inequality societies.

1. In her overview of female aggression, Campbell ( 1995, 1999 ) argued that females are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior when access to “successful” males is scarce.
2. Geary, Winegard, and Winegard ( 2014 ) point out that female‐female competition over access and choice of mates is particularly influenced by the structure of marital and kin arrangements in a society.

In traditional societies where polygynous marriage arrangements are more common, females, including adolescents, may be under more pressure to compete for status and resources and thus more likely to employ direct and indirect aggressive tactics to succeed.

1. Indeed, we find that the smallest sex differences tend to be found in Sub‐Saharan African countries (average odds ratio = 1.8), where polygynous marriages are more prevalent (Omariba & Boyle, 2007 ) and GII is on average higher compared to other regions in the current sample.
2. Also, societies vary in the extent to which adolescent girls engage in transactional sex, the exchange of sexual services for money or gifts (e.g., Fredlund, Svensson, Svedin, Priebe, & Wadsby, 2013 ).

Evidence suggests that several sub‐Saharan countries likely have an elevated prevalence of transactional sex among adolescent girls (Chatterji, Murray, London, & Anglewicz, 2005 ). These arrangements may contribute to higher intra‐sexual competition for sexual partners among adolescent girls, and hence contribute to a higher prevalence of frequent fighting.

• Notably, under these same circumstances males are also more likely to compete for resources for sexual success (Schmitt & Rohde, 2013 ).
• With regard to sexual selection theory, we did not find evidence that sex differences in frequent fighting varied according to societal rule of law.
• Interestingly, we find that frequent fighting is greater in societies with stronger rule of law.

One possible explanation is that in societies where the rule of law is weak, more serious violence is prevalent in the community. Under these conditions, students may be less likely to enter into physical fights in fear of more serious retaliation by their opponent with a weapon or by a gang.

Why do boys play so rough?

Rough play provides an outlet for active children, especially young boys. Children usually become less active as they mature. Children like to feel control over their bodies. Rough plays lets them feel more power and control over their surroundings.

Who fights more girls or boys?

4. DISCUSSION – Previous research shows that adolescent males are more likely to engage in physical fights than females (Archer, 2004 ). However, few studies have examined cross‐cultural variation in sex differences, particularly among low‐ and middle‐income countries.

1. The current study examined the prevalence and variation in sex differences in frequent fighting between equal partners in 63 low‐ and middle‐income countries.
2. Specifically, we tested competing hypotheses derived from social role and sexual selection theories using indicators of gender inequality, rule of law, and income inequality.

The results show that sex differences in physical aggression vary significantly across countries. Further, we found little evidence to support predictions derived from sexual selection or social role theories in relation to cross‐cultural variation, and indeed our results showed that sex differences actually decrease as gender inequality increases.

This study advances our knowledge of adolescent aggression in several ways. To our knowledge, this is the largest study looking at cross‐national variation in adolescent physical aggression in LMICs. Our results show that there is significant variation in the prevalence of frequent fighting across countries, ranging from 2% (Myanmar) to 29% (Samoa).

Furthermore, in line with previous research, adolescent males are significantly more likely to engage in frequent fighting than females, with few exceptions (e.g., Archer, 2004 ; Bettencourt & Miller, 1996 ). For the full sample of 63 countries, males were 2.68 times more likely to report frequent fighting in the past 12 months than females.

But when we looked at female involvement in frequent fighting, we found this varied substantially across societies, perhaps more than evolutionary perspectives would expect (ranging from 0.07% to 25% ). The cross‐national variation in frequent fighting was also greater among females than males (20.23% and 11.92%, respectively).

Furthermore male and female frequent fighting covary ( r  = 0.69), suggesting that some forces that drive physical aggression are not sex‐specific. This study also finds that contrary to expectations derived from social role theory, sex differences in physical aggression decreased as societal gender inequality increased.

• Several explanations may account for the finding that sex differences were reduced in countries with high levels of gender inequality.
• First, there may be a confounding factor in which societies with very high levels of gender inequality typically have institutional arrangements that strictly limit male adolescent competition for females through separate schooling, an emphasis on segregated routine activities, and severe stigma associated with pre‐marital sex (United Nations Development Programme, 2016 ; Wiseman, 2008 ).

This segregation of adolescent male and female life spheres may limit the kinds of male formidability competitions that are likely one of the motivational roots of fighting among adolescent males. Second, evolutionary perspectives may also provide an explanation for higher levels of female physical aggression in high gender inequality societies.

• In her overview of female aggression, Campbell ( 1995, 1999 ) argued that females are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior when access to “successful” males is scarce.
• Geary, Winegard, and Winegard ( 2014 ) point out that female‐female competition over access and choice of mates is particularly influenced by the structure of marital and kin arrangements in a society.

In traditional societies where polygynous marriage arrangements are more common, females, including adolescents, may be under more pressure to compete for status and resources and thus more likely to employ direct and indirect aggressive tactics to succeed.

1. Indeed, we find that the smallest sex differences tend to be found in Sub‐Saharan African countries (average odds ratio = 1.8), where polygynous marriages are more prevalent (Omariba & Boyle, 2007 ) and GII is on average higher compared to other regions in the current sample.
2. Also, societies vary in the extent to which adolescent girls engage in transactional sex, the exchange of sexual services for money or gifts (e.g., Fredlund, Svensson, Svedin, Priebe, & Wadsby, 2013 ).

Evidence suggests that several sub‐Saharan countries likely have an elevated prevalence of transactional sex among adolescent girls (Chatterji, Murray, London, & Anglewicz, 2005 ). These arrangements may contribute to higher intra‐sexual competition for sexual partners among adolescent girls, and hence contribute to a higher prevalence of frequent fighting.

Notably, under these same circumstances males are also more likely to compete for resources for sexual success (Schmitt & Rohde, 2013 ). With regard to sexual selection theory, we did not find evidence that sex differences in frequent fighting varied according to societal rule of law. Interestingly, we find that frequent fighting is greater in societies with stronger rule of law.

One possible explanation is that in societies where the rule of law is weak, more serious violence is prevalent in the community. Under these conditions, students may be less likely to enter into physical fights in fear of more serious retaliation by their opponent with a weapon or by a gang.

Is it more likely to get a girl or a boy?

Is it a boy or a girl? The father’s family might provide a clue | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center Everyone wonders: Is it a boy or a girl? The answer is in the genes, and the father’s family history. Is it a boy or a girl? That’s the most common question I hear during ultrasounds. Many couples want to know, And there are plenty of that patients reference when guessing the sex of their baby.

1. My general response is that it’s a 50/50 chance that a woman will have a boy or a girl.
2. But that’s not exactly true – there’s actually a slight bias toward male births.
3. The ratio of male to female births, called the sex ratio, is about, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
4. This means about 51% of deliveries result in a baby boy.

While the sex ratio can be distorted by populations that selectively value male over female births, there could be another explanation. Research suggests the slight natural skew of the sex ratio could be nature’s way of adjusting for higher death rates in males due to injuries, accidents, and war.

For example, in England around 1900, 50.8% of births were boys. Following World Wars I and II, the rate of male births increased to 51.6%. This may not seem like a big difference, but it resulted in 32 more boys than girls born for every thousand births. Similar changes were seen in other European countries as well following these wars.

It seems like sex ratio shifts should be a random phenomenon. But from a medical standpoint, perhaps there’s a genetic explanation to changes in the numbers of boy and girl babies at different times in history. : Is it a boy or a girl? The father’s family might provide a clue | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

Who is faster boys or girls

Alterations in growth rate – At puberty, a considerable alteration in growth rate occurs. There is a swift increase in body size, a change in shape and composition of the body, and a rapid development of the gonads, or sex glands—the reproductive organs and the characters signalling sexual maturity.

Some of these changes are common to both sexes, but most are sex-specific. Boys have a great increase in muscle size and strength, together with a series of physiological changes making them capable of doing heavier physical work than girls and of running faster and longer. These changes all specifically adapt the male to his primitive primate role of dominating, fighting, and foraging.

Such adolescent changes occur generally in primates (that is, men, apes, and monkeys) but are more marked in some species than in others. Man lies at about the middle of the primate range, as regards both adolescent size increase and degree of sexual differentiation,

Who will love more boy or girl?

On an unscientific note, whosoever has the capacity to give more, loves more. Gender in an emotion like love has nothing to do with being able to love more or less.